Yijing | Ancient Chinese Divination Text & Philosophy (2024)

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Also known as: “Classic of Changes”, “I Ching”, “I”, “I-Ching”, “Yi-Ching”, “Zhou Yi”

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

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Last Updated: Article History

Chinese:
“Classic of Changes” or “Book of Changes”
Wade-Giles romanization:
I-Ching or Yi-Ching
Also called:
Zhou Yi

See all related content →

Yijing, an ancient Chinese text, one of the Five Classics (Wujing) of Confucianism. The main body of the work, traditionally attributed to Wenwang (flourished 12th century bc), contains a discussion of the divinatory system used by the Zhou dynasty wizards. A supplementary section of “commentaries” is believed to be the work of authors of the Warring States period (475–221 bc) and, as a philosophical exposition, represents an attempt to explain the world and its ethical principles, applying a largely dialectic method. For this the work came to have great importance in the history of Chinese philosophy. Modern scholars, nevertheless, have been troubled by the inclusion of the Yijing among the Confucian classics, for Confucius (551–479 bc) seems to have deliberately avoided speaking of anything that suggested esoteric doctrines. The answer seems to be that Han dynasty Confucianists (c. 2nd century bc), influenced by the Daoist quest for immortality, justified their use of the Yijing by attributing certain of its commentaries to Confucius.

Though the book was originally used for divination, its influence on Chinese minds and its universal popularity are due to a cosmology that involves humans and nature in a single system. The uniqueness of the Yijing consists in its presentation of 64 symbolic hexagrams that, if properly understood and interpreted, are said to contain profound meanings applicable to daily life. Throughout the ages, Yijing enthusiasts have claimed that the book is a means of understanding, and even controlling, future events.

Britannica QuizConfucianism

The Yijing hexagrams are formed by joining in pairs, one above the other, eight basic trigrams (bagua). Each trigram has a name, a root meaning, and a symbolic meaning. The legendary emperor f*cki is said to have discovered these trigrams on the back of a tortoise. Wenwang is generally credited with having formed the hexagrams.

In practice, one “creates” a hexagram by casting lots in one of several ways. The hexagram is built up from the bottom, line by line, by successive lots. Solid lines have the number nine, and broken lines have the number six. Solid lines represent yang (the male cosmic principle), while broken lines represent yin (the female cosmic principle). These two principles explain all being and all change by their ceaseless interaction.

Individual lines of a hexagram have been compared to single notes of music. Though each note has a quality and significance in itself, its truest significance depends on its place in a musical score. Because the same principle applies to individual lines of a hexagram, the Yijing text first explains each line separately, then gives an overall interpretation of the unit. The text is often expressed in cryptic, thought-provoking language, thus allowing the user great leeway in interpreting its significance.

Yijing | Ancient Chinese Divination Text & Philosophy (2024)

FAQs

What is the Yijing Chinese philosophy? ›

It is often claimed that the Yijing way of thinking characterizes the basic mode of Chinese philosophical thinking. The Yijing arises from a process of comprehensive observation and empathetic feeling that generates penetrating understanding.

What is the Yijing explained? ›

The I Ching or Yijing (Chinese: 易經, Mandarin: [î tɕíŋ]), usually translated Book of Changes or Classic of Changes, is an ancient Chinese divination text that is among the oldest of the Chinese classics. The I Ching was originally a divination manual in the Western Zhou period (1000–750 BC).

What does Yijing mean in Chinese? ›

The Yijing (I Ching), or Scripture of Change, is traditionally considered the first and most profound of the Chinese classics.

Which Chinese text is useful for divination? ›

Yijing, an ancient Chinese text, one of the Five Classics (Wujing) of Confucianism. The main body of the work, traditionally attributed to Wenwang (flourished 12th century bc), contains a discussion of the divinatory system used by the Zhou dynasty wizards.

How to use Yijing? ›

In the past it was consulted using Yarrow sticks, but a common way to consult the I Ching is to toss three coins, assign a certain value to them, record the value, and repeat a total of six times to create a hexagram.

What is the I Ching in simple terms? ›

I Ching in British English

(ˈiː ˈtʃɪŋ ) noun. an ancient Chinese book of divination and a source of Confucian and Taoist philosophy. Answers to questions and advice may be obtained by referring to the text accompanying one of 64 hexagrams, selected at random. Also called: Book of Changes.

How accurate is I Ching? ›

The experimental I Ching method was tested against three control methods. For the control methods, only 4.5% of the results were significant or marginally significant which could all be attributed to chance, but 14% of tests using the experimental method were significant or marginally significant effects.

What are the three principles of I Ching? ›

The I-Ching Book of Changes has three principal Concepts, namely Buyi (不易), Bianyi (变易) and Jianyi (简易).

What does Yijing hexagram mean? ›

In relation to the universe, the hexagram expresses the strong, creative action of the Deity. In relation to the human world, it denotes the creative action of the holy man or sage, of the ruler or leader of men, who through his power awakens and develops their higher nature.

Who wrote the Yijing? ›

Allegedly composed by King Wen 文王 and the Duke of Zhou 周公 in the 11th century BCE, these written statements invoked concrete historical events—such as the downfall of the Shang dynasty and the rise of the Zhou dynasty—to elucidate the constancy of change in human society.

What did Yijing do? ›

A student of the Buddhist university at Nālandā (now in Bihar, India), he was also responsible for the translation of many Buddhist texts from Sanskrit and Pali into Chinese. Yijing's travel map of the 7th century.

What is Yijing Feng Shui? ›

The Yi Jing is comprised of 8 key symbols known as trigrams or gua which are 8 different types of Qi known as the Ba Gua . The key 8 symbols are formed of combinations of either solid or broken lines representing the two great poles of Yin and Yang.

Is there a trick to reading Chinese? ›

Use mnemonics to memorize characters

Memory aids are key to making reading in Chinese easier when you are beginning. Remembering things in general, regardless of what language, is something that can be practiced. When working with mnemonics, make sure they are are personal and catered towards yourself.

What is the difference between fortune telling and divination? ›

The difference is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a religious ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune telling implies a less serious or formal setting, even one of popular culture, where belief in occult workings behind the prediction is less prominent than the ...

Is feng shui divination? ›

In approaching categories of divination, Field first deals with feng shui, “currently the most popular form of Chinese divination being studied and practiced in the West.”(xiv) This siting of tombs, homes, and businesses (on both the exterior and interior) is based on many factors, among them are the proper ...

What is the Chinese Wuxing theory? ›

In ancient Chinese cosmology, the five basic phases that explain change in the cosmos are earth, wood, metal, fire, and water. These elements were believed to overcome and succeed one another in an immutable cycle and were correlated with the cardinal directions, seasons, colours, musical tones, and bodily organs.

What is Yi in Chinese philosophy? ›

In Chinese philosophy, yi (simplified Chinese: 义; traditional Chinese: 義; pinyin: yì) refers to righteousness, justice, morality, and meaning.

What is the main idea of Chinese philosophy? ›

The keynote in Chinese philosophy is humanism: man and his society have occupied, if not monopolized, the attention of Chinese philosophers throughout the ages. Ethical and political discussions have overshadowed any metaphysical speculation.

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